Suchergebnisse

The study aimed to reveal the role of voluntary work in raising the level of ambition among students of the University of Jordan among a sample of (354) male and female students from various scientific and humanitarian disciplines in the second semester of the academic year 2017/2018, who were chosen by random method, they responded on the scale of the study, and the descriptive correlative approach was used. The study results showed that participation in voluntary work and the level of ambition among the study sample members were moderate. Nevertheless, the results showed a positive role for voluntary work in raising the level of ambition among students of the University of Jordan. In light of the study results, the researcher presented recommendations.

Received: 18 November 2021 / Accepted: 31 January 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022

Summary
Women consistently report lower levels of nascent political ambition than men. In this study, we investigate whether these gender differences occur to the same extent across local, national and European levels of policy-making. Using original data collected among a representative sample of young Flemish citizens aged between 18 and 35 (N = 1000), our descriptive results demonstrate a significant gender gap across all levels of policy-making, though the gap is slightly smaller at the local level. Stacked multivariate analyses confirm women's lower levels of political ambition and show that the gender gap is significantly smaller at the local level compared with the European (but not the national) level, pointing to women's lower levels of ambition for the European level.

Many scholars have offered explanations as to why women are underrepresented at all levels of government. Conventional wisdom states that fewer women are in public office due to lower ambition, and that the presence of gendered perceptions among women considering elected office contributes to women's disinterest in the political arena. Using original survey data, this article expands the theory of gendered perceptions to current state-level appointed officeholders to explain their levels of interest in pursuing higher public office. The results indicate that gendered perceptions affect the progressive ambitions of appointees; like studies of ambition in elected officials, this study of appointed officials finds that women are generally less ambitious, and unlike studies of ambition in elected officials, this study of appointed officials finds that women with higher self-assessments are less ambitious rather than more.

The European Union (EU) aims to ensure a high level of environmental protection. This is a key message of primary EU law. This article explores the purpose and meaning of this explicit ambition. It deciphers its influence on case law and on judicial review of leg- islative and administrative discretion. It argues that the requirement goes beyond window dressing and that its added value lies both in supporting the legitimacy of bold decisions and in preventing a manifest dismissal of the requisites of environmental protection. Although primarily focused on EU law and on its technicalities, the article may offer helpful insights to other transnational or federal systems. It may help to build a better understanding of some of the challenges facing any environmental law regime confronted with the sensitive issue of 'ambition'.

The European Union (EU) aims to ensure a high level of environmental protection. This is a key message of primary EU law. This article explores the purpose and meaning of this explicit ambition. It deciphers its influence on case law and on judicial review of leg- islative and administrative discretion. It argues that the requirement goes beyond window dressing and that its added value lies both in supporting the legitimacy of bold decisions and in preventing a manifest dismissal of the requisites of environmental protection. Although primarily focused on EU law and on its technicalities, the article may offer helpful insights to other transnational or federal systems. It may help to build a better understanding of some of the challenges facing any environmental law regime confronted with the sensitive issue of 'ambition'.

"North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union" published on by Oxford University Press.

Since buildings account for 40% of total energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions in the European Union (EU), the directive 2010/31/EU &ldquo ; Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPDB)&rdquo ; among other legal provisions concerning the reduction of energy consumption of buildings has been enforced. According to this legislation, all new buildings must be nearly zero energy buildings &ldquo ; nZEB&rdquo ; by 31 December 2020 (public buildings by 31 December 2018). Nonetheless, the assessment of the &ldquo ; high energy performance&rdquo ; of a building is ambiguous and a cross country comparison seems to be intricate since different national building codes and nZEB definitions employ different energy indicators and methods. This paper delves into the question of how do the ambition levels of &ldquo ; nZEB&rdquo ; definitions and the transposition of the Directive 2010/31/EU into national law differ in four selected EU Countries: Austria, Germany, Spain, and England (as part of UK). The energy performance of some exemplary buildings is assessed by means of a simplified MATLAB model that is based on the norm DIN V-18599. The results drawn from this work show how diverse are building codes scopes and national &ldquo ; nZEB&rdquo ; definitions. Only 9 of the 36 studied cases of residential buildings obtain consistently the &ldquo ; nZEB&rdquo ; compliance status in all four selected countries. The results show that climate conditions, energy requirements, primary energy factors, ambition levels, and calculation methodologies lead to the problem of an uneven cross-country comparison. Moreover, primary energy consumption [kWh/m2a] set as the main quantitative energy indicator by the directive 2010/31/EU might not be the most suitable one for an EU level comparison.

Traditionally, the framing and adoption of the Constitution have been interpreted as an attempt by the social and economic elite to halt the democratization of American political life. In contrast, recent scholarship on the Constitution have argued that the rationale behind constitutional reform was the need to create a central government that could address political problems arising from inter-state and international relationships. An important aspect of this reform was the centralization of fiscal and financial powers that would allow the federal government to act vigorously on the international arena in defence of American interests.

The last three election cycles suggest that we may be experiencing a surge in black political ambition. Barack Obama's historic election is sandwiched between the failed efforts of people such as Denise Majette, Harold Ford Jr., Artur Davis, and Kendrick Meek. Combined with Cory Booker's senatorial run, scholars have argued that there is a need for a reevaluation of black political ambition and a new classification for black politics itself. If we are experiencing a genuine emergence of a new ambitious breed of black politicians, then the paradox of ambition—that black electoral success is detrimental to black agenda setting—would suggest that we may also be experiencing a major abandonment of black politics. This paper begins to investigate this possibility in terms of individual bill sponsorship for black members of Congress from 1947 to 2010.